![]() However, meeting the scale and protracted nature of war is unlikely, thus ambiguity remains. ![]() As states explore the use of cyber operations and combine capabilities, the likelihood of physical confrontation and violence playing out as a result of, or part of, a cyber operation is increased. Many countries including the United States, United Kingdom, Russia, China, Israel, Iran, and North Korea have active cyber capabilities for offensive and defensive operations. An alternative view is that it is a suitable label for cyber attacks which cause physical damage to people and objects in the real world. One view is that the term is a misnomer since no cyber attacks to date could be described as a war. ![]() There is significant debate among experts regarding the definition of cyberwarfare, and even if such a thing exists. Some intended outcomes could be espionage, sabotage, propaganda, manipulation or economic warfare.
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